Forgiveness Essay -- Informative, Nazy Soldier

Simon Wiesenthals question What would you have done if one had the opportunity to forgive a Nazi soldier forces humanity to read and apply our moral repertoire. My moral repertoire I mean the set of moral beliefs that informs our understanding of forgiveness and the criteria by which we evaluate its Karl the Nazi Soldier, who initiates our inquiry into forgiveness, represents sixfold identities. He is at once a rational human being, a member and supporter of the Nazi military, a murderer, and actor and representative of the State. Because of the simultaneously circumstance and fluidity of these identities conflation is an easy mistake in constructing exactly who we argon forgiving. To forgive Karl the individual is very different than forgiving the Nazis or the State as equal by Karl. Even Lawrence Lager in the Symposium writes It seems to me that in refusing to extend forgiveness to the culprit, Wiesenthal unconsciously acknowledges the indissoluble bond fusing the criminal to his crime (The Sunflower 178). The conflation of what Karl represents is a crowing part of what make Wiesenthals question so vexing because the rules of forgiveness alter depending on the actor. Karl the individual is due certain considerations simply because of his humanity patch the Nazis and the State as represented by Karl are entangled in political considerations. Forever labeling Karl as a murderer forgoes his still present humanity. This is non to say that forgiving Karl the individual isnt political, or that we shouldnt acknowledge the enormity of his crime. This is to stress that the limits and criteria of forgiveness change whether it is person to person or person to political bodies. This separation of individual from sta... ...untry and the victims to move forward and be free as one symposium speakers says. To wallow with bitterness and despair is perhaps than acknowledging what happen, mourning what was loss, and inauguration the process of rebuilding. Louise Mal linder in Can Amnesties and International Justice be Reconciled? posits the following hypothetical Amnesty for lower-level offenders could also mean that in their daily life, victims are frequently confronted by the individuals who caused their suffering which could cause further harm to the victims and even lead them to engage in vigilantism (210). Forgiveness is not physical and can merely be manifested through the mediums of words, actions and shared understandings. These traits gives forgiveness a spiritual quality that illustrates how it can transcend physical atrocity to render the unforgiveable forgivable.

Sex in the Media Essay examples -- Media Essays

Media EssayAdvanced CompositionNo Means NoI dont believe in rape. No means no. Wait, if no meant no, on the whole men would die a virgin. No means work on the neck, the nipples and come back in five minutes. Im not saying a father should give this version of the birds and bees to his son. Listen shes gonna block your hands four or five times at least. I didnt raise you to be a quitter out there now did I. She wouldnt dress like that if she didnt want to get fingered. Comedian, Daniel Tosh expressed this quote meaning for it to be harmful. But, is it really harmful? Is this what auberge really thinks? Are women supposed to be easy? Do men need to take control and get what they want? A simple mockery can be seen as what our society really thinks subconsciously. I believe our society has changed greatly from the past. Skirts are getting shorter, bikinis smaller. People are getting all kinds of plastic surgery to try and make there outer appearance to look even greater. Society has i mpacted us in a port that most people do not even think about what is happening. Our appearance on the outside has shaped the way society thinks in the correspond day. Jean Kilbourne in her article, Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt, explains how media has impacted on what we see people to be today. She explains this better for girls simply it can be applied to all genders in the situation she explains if people are ugly, fat, disfigured, or handicap they are seen as being the outcast of what habitual is. 2But what is normal? According to Random House Unabridged Dictionary, normal in terms of biology and medicine is only of natural occurrence. In order to be normal there cant be any physical or mental alterations done to make yourself appear normal. Anyone ... ...ading America. Boston, New York Bedford, 2004. 455-476.Messner, Michael A. Center of precaution the Gender of Sports Media. Rereading America. Boston, New York Bedford, 2004. 477-489. - Men odour increased pressure to c onform to an aggressive dominant male stereotype, which leads to low self-esteem and high incidence of depression. -Boys feel significant anxiety and sadness about growing up to be men. -Despite feeling outwardly content, many boys feel deep feelings of loneliness and alienation. Stiles, John. Answers.Com. 04 Mar. 2004. 05 Oct. 2006 . advertizement was in excess of $450 billion in the United States. Tannen, Deborah. Sex, Lies, and Conversation. Rereading America. Boston, New York Bedford, 2004. 313-317. Talk is about intimacy. Marriage is an orgy of closeness you can tell your feelings and thoughts, and still be loved.

Puss in Boots by Charles Perrault Essay -- Fairy Tale Children Story

Charles Perraults cl lowlifeic fairy-tale Puss-in-Boots has been admired and loved by children and adults alike for centuries. This engaging tale features a walking, talking cat who goes out into the world to let his young masters fortune. It is an adventure of the side-kick hero, of the loyal friend and devoted underling who has only his own exquisite wit and industriousness to help him on his quest. It is also a story with one of the most enigmatic and perplexing protagonists in fairy-tale culture. Puss is a feline who embodies ancient cat symbols in a uniquely paradoxical fashion he is a female entity in a male character as well as a charming and demonic totem who is perceived as such by only a select few. Cats have always had a powerful feminine aspect to their image. This is junior-grade surprise considering the number of ancient cultures who associated cats with goddess worship. The Egyptians placed a cats head upon their goddess Bast, both the Greeks and Romans made cats attributes of their virgin huntress goddesses Artemis and Diana, and the Norse goddess Freya drove a transport drawn by cats (Walker 367). As Hans Bierdermann comments, one can see the frequent feline metaphors in misogynist expressions and clichs a cat fight between two women, a catty remark... (60). One may then ask about Perraults motives behind using a female symbol in the creation of the male Puss. Upon close inspection of the text, the need for the feminine cat becomes evident, and is addressed right at the beginning of the story. The cat must immediately be seen as a relatively useless thing, incapable of the heavy labour needed to generate a reasonable living, unlike the mill or the ass bestowed upon the two ol... ...e Meanings Behind Them. Trans. James Hulbert. naked as a jaybird York Facts on File Inc, 1992Julien, Nadia. The Mammoth Dictionary of Symbols Understanding the Hidden Language of Symbols. London Robinson Publishing, 1996.Morgan, J eanne. Perraults Morals for Moderns. New York Peter Lang Publishing Inc, 1985.Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie. Puss in Boots. The Classic Fairy Tales. New York Oxford University Press, 1974. 142 - 146.Perrault, Charles. Puss-in-Boots. Folk and Fairy Tales. 3rd ed. Ed. Martin Hallett and Barbara Karasek. Ontario Broadview Press Ltd, 2002. 155 - 159.Walker, Barbara G. The Womans Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects. New York Harper & Row, 1988.Zipes, Jack. Of Cats and Men. Out of the Woods The Origins of Literary Fairy Tale in Italy and France. Ed. Nancy L. Canepa. Detroit Wayne State University Press, 1997. 176 - 193.

The Laser Essay -- essays research papers

The LaserBefore we can learn about the laser we need to know a little bit about lightsome (since that is what a laser is made of). send from our sun, or from anelectric bulb, is called white light. It is really a mixture of all thedifferent colours of light. The colours range from violet, indigo, and blue, togreen, yellow, orange, and red. These take up up the visible part of theelectromagnetic spectrum. Light is made up of particles, called PHOTONS, whichtravel in waves. The difference in the colour depends on the wavelength of thelight. Violet light has the shortest wavelength while red has the longest. Thereargon other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes infra-red, radar,television radio and micro- waves (past red on the spectrum), and on the otherend of the spectrum are the other invisible radiations, ultra- violet, X rays,micro waves and gamma rays. The wavelength of the light is important to thesubject of the laser. A laser is made up of COHERENT light, a s urplus kind oflight in which the wavelengths of the light are all the same length, and thecrests of these waves are all lined up, or in PHASE. The word Laser is anacronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. What doesthat mean? Basically a laser is a device which produces and then amplifies lightwaves and concentrates them into an intense penetrating beam.The principles of the laser (and its cousin the maser) were establishedlong before these devices were succes...

Red Pony :: Free Essay Writer

Red PonyThe Red Pony has many examples of when hard fix doesnt always ensure success. Through out the four chapters of the novel Jody goes through many difficult times. He is helped through these times by wand Buck-the cow hand, Carl Tifflin-his father, and his mother Ruth Tifflin. The book teaches people a good lesson on many different themes a few are, respect you elders, The chapter The Gift proves the picture that hard work doesnt always ensure success. This chapter is filled with hard time for Jody. Jody received a red crib from his father he bought the pony from a local auction. The pony was too young to for Jody to ride, Jody was so anxious to ride it. Jody has to care for the pony everyday. He lets him out of the stable and into the coral everyday. angiotensin converting enzyme day Billy Buck tells Jody that he can let Gabilan out and leave him out while he goes to school. That day it rains and the pony was left out. Jody came mansion and the pony was very sick. It gets worse over a few days. After a few days go by the pny gets worse and gets strangles. This leads to his death. In the large Mountains the event that matches my theme is Gitano and his life. Gitano worked hard all his life, and has nothing to show for his success. Gitano is and gray-haired man who used to live on the property that Jody lives on. Gitano had an old adobe dramatics there. Gitano came to stay and die with the Tiffins since he used to live there, he calls it home. They let him stay the night and serve him dinner. Jody is very interested in the old man, and asks him many questions about the mountains. He leaves early in the morning, and no one in the family sees him leave. Jeff Taylor, the neighboring rancher, said he saw him on old Easter heading to the mountains. They never saw him again. In the chapter The Promise, the main example of hard work not ensuring success is when they are trying to present a baby colt. Mr. Tifflin offers Jody the opportunity to get another horse. He is very excited about this. The only thing is he has to do chores, and lots of them. He also has to take care of the horse.

Red Pony :: Free Essay Writer

Red PonyThe Red Pony has many examples of when unverbalised work doesnt always ensure success. Through out the four chapters of the novel Jody goes through many difficult times. He is helped through these times by Billy Buck-the cow hand, Carl Tifflin-his father, and his mother Ruth Tifflin. The book teaches people a good lesson on many different themes a few are, respect you elders, The chapter The hold proves the point that hard work doesnt always ensure success. This chapter is filled with hard time for Jody. Jody received a red pony from his father he bought the pony from a local auction. The pony was too young to for Jody to ride, Jody was so anxious to ride it. Jody has to care for the pony everyday. He lets him out of the stable and into the chromatic everyday. One day Billy Buck tells Jody that he can let Gabilan out and leave him out while he goes to school. That day it rains and the pony was left(p) out. Jody came home and the pony was very sick. It gets worse over a fe w days. After a few days go by the pny gets worse and gets strangles. This leads to his death. In the Great Mountains the event that matches my theme is Gitano and his life. Gitano worked hard all his life, and has nothing to show for his success. Gitano is and old man who used to live on the property that Jody lives on. Gitano had an old adobe house there. Gitano came to stay and die with the Tiffins since he used to live there, he calls it home. They let him stay the night and serve him dinner. Jody is very interested in the old man, and asks him many questions about the mountains. He leaves early in the morning, and no one in the family sees him leave. Jeff Taylor, the neighboring rancher, said he saw him on old Easter heading to the mountains. They never saw him again. In the chapter The Promise, the main example of hard work not ensuring success is when they are laborious to birth a baby colt. Mr. Tifflin offers Jody the opportunity to get another horse. He is very excited a bout this. The only thing is he has to do chores, and separate of them. He also has to take care of the horse.

Honest government Essay

Government is made up of individuals of all personality types and of all character types. As with whatsoever profession, department or organization, some individuals are more honest than others. It would be impossible with the broad and encompassing area that administration consists of to expect honest organisation. In addition, what each person perceives as honest government can differ. Some people feel if a politician promises not to increase taxes and then discovers later being elected into office that tax increases are necessary, this to some would be considered dishonesty in government.Others might see it as a different sentiment with new information available that the government official didnt have accessible when making the original statement. There is no way that we can see, project and be a part of all of the decisions and choices that government makes. Often, ones direct supervisor is not even capable of knowing what their staff is doing, permit alone an entire city , county, state or national government. The checks and balance system of our federal government is proving itself to be almost all told useless so as individuals we cannot be all and monitor all. As long as we have dishonest people and as long as those people enter government positions, there leave alone be dishonest government. However, as stated earlier, we all have our individual perceptions of what is honest and dishonest so that plays a part in how we see the governments activities also. One website on government dishonesty stated, If we intend to live under a government where truth is valued, it must be demanded of our leaders. Those who cannot or will not be truthful must be voted out of office (Whose, 2007). Many government officials are voted in so I suppose this can possibly refer to those positions.However, not all government positions are elected into their positions. This statement also assumes the next person for the position will be more honest than the former which most of us know isnt necessarily the case. In conclusion, I do not feel that completely honest government is possible when we are filling government positions with humans, and humans are not perfect nor are they always honest.Reference (2007). Whose fault is government dishonesty? Retrieved June 28, 2007, from University Times Web site http//www. umpi. maine. edu/utimes/content/view/52/8/

Customer Satisfaction Of Airtel & Grameenphone Essay

1. IntroductionThe introduction of the tele dialogue sector has been pretty late in Bangladesh compared to that of the neighboring countries. The agile telecom emolument has been doubling on an annual basis over the last two or three social classs. at one time-a-days there are six mobile recollect wheeler dealers in the artless with Grameen phone, Robi, Teletalk, Banglalink, Airtel and City cell. They are offering different new pack senesce and offers different apprize added services to satisfy the clients demands. Customer satisfaction is a fundamental trade construct in the last three decades. In the past, it was un touristed and unaccepted concept beca give companies thought it was more important to gain new customers than hold back the lively ones. However, in this present decade, companies have gained transgress infrastanding of the importance of customer satisfaction (especially service producing companies) and adopted it as a high priority working(a) goal. Cu stomer satisfaction, a term frequently employ in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or make it customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as the build of customers, or percentage of total customers, whose overlayed experience with a firm, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds qualify satisfaction goals.People in Bangladesh are becoming busy day by day and more professional than previous. They need to handle more knowledge to each opposite because demography has changed due to the era of globalization. Mobile phone has introduced a tremendous change in the communication sector in our country. It has changed the communication structure also. People in various occupations and income levels are using mobile phone intensively for their occupational purpose and personal purpose as well.1.1 staple informationThe telecom sector of Bangladesh began its journey with land phone. Then SEBA was the firstborn company to b ring cellular telephone services. The telecom sector has completely changed both(prenominal) in terms of coverage and efficiency of services. Cellular telephone services have achieved great commercial success. For most firms, the preeminent goal is to maximize the value of thefirm for its owners or shareholders. Increasing competition (whether for-profit or nonprofit) is forcing businesses to pay much more attention to satisfy customers. The state of satisfaction depends on a number of both psychological and physical variables, which correlate with satisfaction behaviors. For this majority of the firms is trying to be a customer-oriented, customer- foc employ, or even-customer driven enterprise. Airtel is one of the late movers in telecommunication sector of Bangladesh. And same all other telecom companies, it is trying hard to penetrate the market and get a hold of significant market share through their valued customers.1.2 Background informationAirtel Bangladesh Ltd. is a GSM- b ase cellular operator in Bangladesh.Airtel is the sixth mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market, andoriginally de entirelyed commercial trading operations under the brand take WaridTelecom on may 10, 2007. Warid Telecom International LLC, an Abu Dhabi basedconsortium, sold a majority 70% stake in the company to Indias Bharti AirtelLimited for US$300 billion. Bharti Airtel Limited took management control of thecompany and its board, and rebranded the companys services under its ownAirtel brand from December 20, 2010. The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission ratified the deal on Jan 4, 2010. Grameenphone widely known as GP, is the leading telecommunications service supplier in Bangladesh. With more than 46.04 jillion subscribers (as of September 2013), Grameenphone is the largest mobile phone operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise amid Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the globally acclaimed m icrofinance organization and community development wedge Grameen buzzword. Telenor, the largest telecommunications company in Norway, owns 55.8% shares of Grameenphone, Grameen Telecom owns 34.2% and the remaining 10% is publicly held. Grameenphone was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour shoot the breeze Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Go Beyond, Grameenphone promises its customers to bring the best of communication technologies so that they can Go Beyond.1.3 Objective of the reportThe documental of the report is shared into two parts. They are specific andbroad objectives. The specific and broad objective of this report is given below 1. Broad Objective The broad objective of this report is to find by the customer satisfaction level of Airtel & Grameenphone customers.2. Specific Objectives The specific objectives go out beTo find out specific areas of satisfaction of Airtel & Grameenphone users To figure out specific areas of dissatisfaction of Airtel & Grameenphone users To know the overall satisfaction level of the customersTo figure out possible improvement sectors to reduce dissatisfaction To know the better service provider between this two companies1.4 Literature ReviewAirtel is the 6th mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market and launched commercial operation on May 10, 2007. Indias bharti Airtel confine bought 70% share of Warid telecom international. This is the largest investment in Bangladesh made by an Indian company. Airtel offers both prepaid and postpaid connections with lots of diversified packages to its customers. It also offers bulky value added services to its subscribers. Below is a description of timeline of Warid Telecom in Bangladesh, Bharti Airtel and its taking over Warid In December 2005, Warid Telecom International paid US$ 50 million to obtain a GSM license from the BTRC and became the sixth mobile phone operator in Bangladesh. In a press conference on August 17, 2006, Warid announced that its cyberspace would be activated two months ahead of schedule, in October, 2006. Again in October, 2006 Warid Telecom put off the launch of its cell phone services in Bangladesh until April, 2007 after its major supplier Nokia walked out on an agreement over a payment dispute. Warid had a soft launch at the end of January 2007. It gave away complimentary subscriptions among a selected group of individuals, whose job was to make test crys and the operator adjusted its meshs quality based on their comments. On May 9, 2007, Warid in an advertisement in few daily newspaper stated that it would be launching publicly on May 10, 2007.However, no call rate or any package details were revealed. The advertisement included an announcement for the flock interested to buy Warid connections to bring the documents like ID card, and so forth, to thedesignated franchise and customer care centers. On October 1, 2007, Warid Telecom exp anded its network to five more districts raising total number of districts under Warid coverage to 56, verbalize a press release. Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Sherpur, Rajbari and Narail towns were covered by Warid network. On November 10, 2007, 61 districts under Warid network coverage. On June 10, 2008, Warid Telecom expanded its network to 3 more districts Bandarban, Khagrachhari and Rangamati. Now all 64 districts of Bangladesh are under Warid network coverage meaning Warid Telecom now has nationwide coverage. On December 20, 2010, Warid Telecom was rebranded to Airtel. Bharti Airtel Limited is ordinarily known as Airtel. It is an Indian telecommunications company that operates in 20 countries across South Asia, Africa and the Channel Islands. It operates a GSM network in all countries, providing 2G, 3G and 4G services depending upon the country of operation.Airtel is the third largest telecom operator in the world with over 243.336 million customers across 20 countries as of March 2 012. It is the largest cellular service provider in India, with over 181 million subscribers at the end of March 2012. Airtel is the third largest in-country mobile operator by subscriber base, behind China Mobile and China Unicom. Airtel is the largest provider of mobile telephony and second largest provider of fixed telephony in India, and is also a provider of broadband and subscription television services. It offers its telecom services under the Airtel brand, and is headed by Sunil Bharti Mittal. Bharti Airtel is the first Indian telecom service provider to achieve Cisco Gold Certification. It also acts as a carrier for national and international long distance communication services. The company has a submarine cable landing station at Chennai, which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai and Singapore. Airtel is known for being the first mobile phone company in the world to outsource all of its business operations except marketing, sales and finance. Its networkbase s tations, microwave links, etc.is maintained by Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Network and Huawei, and business support is provided by IBM, and transmission towers are maintained by a nonher company (Bharti Infratel Ltd. in India).Ericsson hold for the first time to be paid by the minute for installation and maintenance of their equipment rather than being paid up front, which allowed Airtel to provide low call rates. Bharti Airtel began its journey in Bangladesh in December 2010 when it acquired 70 percent stockof Warid Telecom of Abu Dhabi Group. So, it can be said that Airtel Bangladesh has just completed its maiden year in the country. And within this period of time, the operator has also created a vast job opportunity in diverse segments of the organization and as of August 2013, Airtel Bangladesh has 7.97 million subscribers with 7.3% of market share. Before Grameenphones inception, the phone was for a selected urbanized few. The cell phone was a luxury a flouting accessory for the s elect elite.The mass could not contemplate mobile telephony as being part of their lives. Grameenphone started its journey with the Village Phone program a pioneering initiative to empower rural women of Bangladesh.The name Grameenphone translates to Rural phone. Starting its operations on March 26, 1997, the Independence Day of Bangladesh, Grameenphone has come a long way. Grameenphone pioneered the then breakthrough initiative of mobile to mobile telephony and became the first and only operator to cover 98% of the countrys people with network The idea of providing universal mobile phone access throughout Bangladesh, including its rural areas, was originally conceived by Iqbal Quadir, who is currently the rearer and director of the Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship at MIT. He was inspired by the Grameen Bank microcredit model and envisioned a business model where a cell phone can serve as a source of income. After going away his job as an investment banker in the United States, Quadir traveled back to Bangladesh, after meeting and successfully raising money from New York based investor and altruist Joshua Mailman, and worked for three years gaining support from various organizations including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and the Norwegian telephone company, Telenor.He was finally successful in forming a consortium with Telenor and Grameen Bank to establish Grameenphone. Quadir remained a shareholder of Grameenphone until 2004. Grameenphone received a license for cellular phone operation in Bangladesh from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on November 28, 1996. Grameenphone started operations on March 26, 1997, the Independence Day in Bangladesh. Grameenphone originally offered a mobile-to-mobile connectivity (widely known as GP-GP connection), which created a lot of enthusiasm among the users. It became the first operator to reach the million subscriber milestone as well as ten million subscriber mil estone in Bangladesh. Since its inception Grameenphone has built thelargest cellular network in the country with over 8500 base stations . Presently, nearly 99 percent of the countrys population is within the coverage area of the Grameenphone network. Grameenphone has always been a pioneer in introducing new products and services in the local telecom market. GP was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh when it launched its services in March 1997.Grameenphone was also the first telecommunication operator in Bangladesh to introduce the pre-paid service in September 1999. It established the first 24-hour Call Center, introduced value-added services such(prenominal) as VMS, SMS, fax and info transmission services, international roaming service, WAP, SMS-based push-pull services, EDGE, personal ring back tone and many other products and services. In October 2013 the company launched 3G services commercially. The correct Grameenphone network is 3G/EDGE/GPRS enabled , allowing access to high-speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. There are currently over 7 million 3G/EDGE/GPRS users in the Grameenphone network. Today, Grameenphone is the leading and largest telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh with more than 47.64 million subscribers as of January 2014. Grameenphone has so far invested more than BDT 24,300 crore to build the network infrastructure Grameenphone is one of the largest taxpayers in the country, having contributed more than BDT 35,500 crore in direct and indirect taxes to the Government Exchequer over the years. There are now more than 1600 GP Service Desks across the country covering nearly all upazilas of all districts and 94 Grameenphone Centers in all the divisional cities Grameenphone has about 5000 full and temporary employees.300,000 people are directly dependent on Grameenphone for their livelihood, working for the Grameenphone dealers, retailers, scratch card outlets, suppliers , vendors, contractors and others. In this report we tried to discuss the comparative analysis of Airtel 7 Grameenphone over the customers.2. Research Method2.1 Data sources There are two types of data sources are used to obtain the required information.2.1.1 Primary Data Direct interview though a survey questionnaire2.1.2 Secondary data Commercial websites of Airtel & Grameenphone Online articles on telecommunication sector Previously conducted research papers on different issues of telecommunication Companys magazines, brochures, etc.2.2. Method of collecting data2.2.1 Selecting SampleThe population of this study are customers of Airtel Bangladesh & Grameenphone and we took interview 120 person of different age group in our study. We targeted different people from different age group. The target population were divided among following age groups- 18-30 years 6030-50 years 3050-70 years 2070- above years 102.2.2 Procedure of data collectionAfter determining the target populati on and sampling frame we were feeling forward to conduct the survey for collecting the information. As our extent of the target population was preplanned and structured, therefore, we did not have any trouble to collect the information from the fieldwork. Whenever we found a student who was sitting idle or gossiping with their friends we went to them, cordially introduced ourselves and asked them whether they were using airtel or GP. After receiving a positive response, we provided a questionnaire form and asked them to inscribe in the survey. Fortunately, no one denied participating in the survey because it did not take more than four minutes to finish. Moreover, every respondent was looking animated in taking part and some of them were very cooperative and supportive. They also assisted us to find out active airtel & GP users. By this way, we poised data from 100 respondents. Rest 20 set of questionnaires were given to my friends and the neighbors who were the Airtel or GP use rs.2.2.3 Method of analyzing dataAfter completing the research survey, we started the data supplying for the project. As soon as we received the questionnaires from the field I kept all the information in Microsoft Excel program. Since, this is a descriptiveresearch and the data analysis should be done quantitatively. For this reason, we used MS Excel software because we have enough insights of using this program. In the beginning portion of the questionnaire, there were some general questions to aware of the some information about the respondents, for instances, gender, age, duration of the network age and some direct question related to their usage pattern. This information is examine collectively rather than individually. Here, no statistical tools have been used. The next section of the questionnaire contains 13 statements. Each of the statements has been arranged in such a way which is directly related to the customer satisfaction factors.2.3 Limitations of the studyThe surve y is subjected to the bias and prejudices of the respondents. Hence 100% accuracy cant be assured. The researcher was carried out in a short span of time, where in the researcher could not widen the study. The study could not be generalized due to the fact that researcher alter personal interview method. It is so difficult to survey questionnaire among target samples.3. Result & Discussions Findings3.1. Findings on respondents analysisThe general analysis of the 120 samples is presented in this section. The main objective of the respondents analysis is to get the overview about respondents. Here, respondents gender, age limit, duration of their network, and usage pattern, etc. have been discussed briefly. There is no statistical tool used to analysis the respondents overview because this information will not affect directly to the customer satisfaction factors. For collecting data from the field, the research survey has been conducted among 80 male and 40 female users of airtel & G P users. Thus, the ratio of male user is 60% and the ratio of female user is 40%. We have conducted the research on 18-30 years 6030-50 years 3050-70 years 2070- above years 10From this scenario, it can be said that most of the airtel is more polular inurban areas & in young generation. There were also two direct questions asked to the respondents to know the reason of using Airtel and to know which of the value added services are used by the respondents. Research findings show that 40% of the respondents use airtel only for the lower cost. 20% of the respondents use airtel for the highest FnF benefits. 10% of the respondents said they are using airtel for low on-net tariffs. 30% of the respondents use GP for network, voice quality and for the brand image.3.2 Findings on questionnaire analysis1. How many sim do you use?Most of the respondents use 1 sim. Rest others use 2 sims for various purposes.2. Which companys sim you are using now?Most of the respondents use Airtel. Those w ho use 2 sims, they have Grameenphone, teletalk, Robi & Banglalink sim. 3. What is the reason behind of your election?Most of the Airtel users use Airtel for the lower call rate. Grameenphone users use it for better network & service.4. Who is following better business strategy?Most of the Airtel users think Airtel is following better business strategy at this moment to attract new young generation. Grameenphone users think GP should obtain more attractive business strategy to retain the existing customers as well as draw interest to new customers.5. Who provides more facility for their customers?In this question, most of them think Grameenphone is providing more facilities to its customers. With their network, service & customer care outlet around the country Grameenphone is far better than Airtel.6. Who is more responsible for social welfare?Most of the respondents expressed that being the most popular & largest telecom company, Grameenphone is contributing more for social welfar e of Bangladesh.7. Call RateMost of the respondents are satisfied with the call rate of Airtel. Few of them think it is relent. On the other hand, most of the respondents think call rate of Grameenphone is highly expensive. They are dissatisfied withthis.8. Service.In service issue, most of the respondents feel moderate with the Airtel service but Grameenphone have many satisfied clients in this regard.9. Network.In network issue, Airtel has dissatisfied customers. The respondents are not satisfied at all with the striggling network of Airtel. On the other hand Grameenphone is reigning the telecom scenario with their operative network.10. Bonus Offer.The respondents are satisfied with the endless aid offers of Airtel. Most of them are agreed with that. Contrariwise Grameenphones bonus offers are not so much satisfactory to its clients.11. Bundle Offer.Most of the respondents are satisfied with the bundle offers of Airtel. A small number of them are moderate with that. Inversely th e bundle offers of Grameenphone are dissatisfactory to its clients.12. Which companys sim you will suggest for using to your friends? 60% of the respondents told that they will suggest Airtel sim to their friends. Rest of them stated that they will recommend Grameenphone to their friends.3.3 Best According to Customers3.4 Reasons of the First Choice Grameenphone3.5 Reasons of the First Choice Airtel3.6 Competitive Advantage of Grameenphone & Airtel3.7 Customers RecommendationsIn the respondents opinion and suggestion section, 12 respondents did not put any opinion. However, rest 108 of the respondents shared their valuable opinion regarding Airtel & Grameenphone services and those are given below accordingly Most of the respondents suggested Airtel to upgrade its network coverage as soon as possible. The also suggested Grameenphone to reduce thecall rate. Some respondents also suggested toStop sending unwanted SMSReduce VAS tariffs attach the validity for bonus talk timeOffer attrac tive handset bundle package

Hebrew History Essay

Question 1What were the major eras/events in Hebraic history? What importance do they have in occidental Civilizations? Is the sacred scripture a reasonably accurate source for the History of the Jewish community from the Egyptian captivity to the Babylonian captivity?The history of the Hebrew populate is marked by war, internal conflict and an ongoing struggle for natural selection. Along the way, the Hebrews have crafted a rich tapestry of accomplishments through perseverance and faith. On to a greater extent than one occasion, the majority of the Hebrew masses have been enslaved. At other(a) times, they were actorful and unquestioned rulers of their domain. A timeline of Jewish history shows these remarkable contrasts.The best coeval source for the early origins of the Hebrew people is the record book. This rule book contains a detailed chronology of the Hebrew people, their culture and their faith over a centuries-long time span. The first v books of the Bible compris e the Jewish Torah. These five books trace the origin of the world, its destruction by flood, the enslavement of the Jewish people, their escape, and the establishment of the nation of Israel. The thriving nation, would not last, though. It was oppress by the Babylonians in the 700s B.C.E.In between the Egyptian and Babylon enslavements, the Hebrew people took an epic journey. According to the Bible Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt in about 1446 B.C.E. in short after, The Ten Commandments were given by God, laying the foundation for all future Jewish law. Thirty geezerhood after the Israelites entered Canaan, the Judges began their rule. A spectacular synagogue was completed in Jerusalem in about 959 B.C.E. A number of brutal wars followed in the next century. Israel itself had become a sh ared nation by this time. A weakened Israel had fallen captive to the Babylonians by about 586 B.C.E.The Torah is essentially a contemporary account, compose by Moses and other early Je wish leaders. It spans from the creation of the world to the entry of the Hebrews into Canaan after escaping the Egyptians. The rest of the Old Testament chronicles the history of the Israeli nation, in addition to containing numerous prayers, songs, prophesies and accounts of miraculous happenings. Apart from the biblical account, the Jewish people are mentioned in Egyptian texts dating back to 1440 B.C.E. Early Jewish history is intimately tied to the ancient Egyptian empires.Hebrew history has had a profound effect on Western Civilization. The Christian Bible, which contains the Jewish Torah along with centuries of historical accounts of Jewish culture, and is still the most widely discover book in the world. Christ himself was Jewish.The Hebrews also contributed technical knowledge to the Western world. For example, the famous glassmakers of Italy were preceded by the Jewish glassmakers of ancient times. It is they who were primarily responsible for introducing this art to the world.For some(prenominal), the Bible is the only credible source tracing history back to its origins. For Christians and non-Christians alike it shapes perception of the world around us. Orthodox Hebrews never accepted the Bibles New Testament as doctrine. Instead of being the messiah, Christ is regarded as a prophet or teacher.As Christianity interruption around the world, the Hebrew people were increasingly scapegoated for Christs death and persecuted for their rejection of him as the messiah. A deep anti-Semitism set in across Europe and spread to the new world. This has resulted in dire consequences throughout history and especially in the twentieth century.The Bible is a detailed and moving account of Jewish history. It is constructed dually as a book of history and a book of faith. Therefore, it cannot be expected to give a complete picture of all the complexities present in the suppuration of the Hebrew nation. It is written from the perspective of a small fraction of th e participants. In the following centuries scholars modified some portions of the text. Some other portions were deleted or lost.Given the lack of alternate perspectives in the Bible, it is clear that the writers and caretakers of it took extraordinary care to present and preserve the story as they supposed it to be. As a result it gives us a series of signposts that, in many a(prenominal) cases, are confirmed by other ancient texts and oral traditions. The details will ceaselessly be a matter of individual perception, but the Bible does provide a relatively accurate road map to the history of these extraordinary people.The most critical event in the history of Judaism is their deliverance from tetrad hundred years of slavery to the Egyptian Pharaoh. According to the Bible, Moses and his brother Aaron were chosen to lead the Hebrew people on this miraculous escape. After several plagues were rig upon the Egyptian people the Pharaoh was finally convinced to let the people go. He soon changed his mind, but the Red Sea swallowed up the Egyptian weapony as they tried to pursue the Hebrews.The Hebrew tribes lived in the desert for forty years until God allowed them to enter the promised land of Canaan. While the Hebrews were in the desert many of the Jewish rites and traditions were created that are still practiced today. Entering Canaan would not be easy, however.The Israelites waged war and defeated many of the tribes already living in the area.The land was divided into twelve subsections, one for each of the twelve tribes of Israel. Hundreds of years of wars and in-fighting followed as the nation of Israel tried to establish itself.Archaeological evidence found in recent years seems to confirm many events related in the Bible. The evidence also raises more questions, however. Archaeology and modern science has its limitations. Many of the major events in the Bible are backed up by modern evidence. It is more difficult to ascertain why and how these events happened.Question 2In what way were the economic foundations of the Roman and the Han empires akin? How do you account for the similarity? How were they antithetical? What were the consequences of the differences?During the Han dynasty, the Chinese frugality underwent substantial changes. At the beginning of the period the economy was primarily based on subsistence farming. trading activity was minimal and most farms were small family-run operations. Later in this period, a more substantial trade network emerged. A peasant class about dependent on trade markets became more widespread.Grain and rice were the primary crops of the region. They were a great deal used to pay for other goods and services. Rice crops were particularly robust as farmers constantly improved their farming methods. A trend toward commercialization of these products characterized this period.Industry also began to emerge during this period. Inventors, so prolific during the early part of the dynasty, bega n to lag dirty dog their counterparts on other continents during the late part of the dynasty. The expansion of trade networks also dried up. The caused an economic vulnerability that enemies would effectively exploit.The Roman empire became an economic fireball based essentially on its continual conquest of new areas. Eventually, this strength would become weaknesses. The Roman economy had several different weaknesses that played a economic consumption in the ultimate collapse of the empire. The Roman Empire economy specialized in luxury goods, architecture and infrastructure, and creating war-related materiel.In pre-conquest times the Roman economy was much smaller, but it was also better balanced. Farms surrounded and supplied a central city-state where merchants, tradesmen and a professional class worked. The expansion of the empire forced the Romans to adopt a new monetary system based on both silver and gold. The availability of these metals varied causing the tax of each in relation to the other to change frequently. This creation caused confusion and a lack of full faith in the monetary system in the years when the empire was expanding most rapidly. This, in turn, set the table for further difficulties down the road.As the empire became less centralized the cost of maintaining it rose consistently. Meanwhile income revenues were less dependable and predictable. Emperors began to rely severely on slave labor and taxation to support the empire. Defending the widespread empire entailed enormous costs. Over time the empire became stretched too thin. In a desperate effort to remain financially viable, the Roman emperors reduced the actual content of silver and gold at heart their coinage. In other sacred scriptures, the face value of the coins was more than they were actually worth.The creation of a widely practiced monetary system allowed the economy to diversify and innovate. When the monetary system became less reliable the arctic began to occur. Due to slave labor, heavy taxation and other factors, economic innovation in Rome ground to a halt. The Romans could no longer afford to arm and equip their vast army. Far-flung outposts of Roman power became increasingly vulnerable. The barbarians from northern Europe were eventually able to penetrate the heart of the Roman Empire.Essentially, the Roman Empire operated an early example of emancipate market capitalism. Their version of capitalism had several flaws that ultimately led to its destruction. Free market capitalism on this scale would not emerge again for many centuries.The fates of the Roman and Han empires exposed an ironic fact about economics and national security. When trade with impertinent entities peaked, so did the relative power of the empires. On the other hand, when trade was cut off or simply dried up, the empires were exposed to great risk. Their fates also showed the vulnerability of economies based in a large part on slave labor. In the Roman Empire, sla ves were acquired from conquered territories and made to do much of the work that kept the empire operating smoothly. In the Han dynasty, people actually sold themselves and their families into slavery.Slave labor is inherently inefficient. Even for those who willingly sold themselves into slavery, production levels are rarely as great as that of free workers. two economies eventually frowned on the use of slavery in such a widespread way, but economic stagnation had already set in.Both empires might be viewed as examples of the dangers of over-expansion. This is especially true of the Romans, who primarily relied on their war gains to support their economy. When the pace of conquest slowed, so did the economy. The Han dynasty differs in its initial counselling on subsistence farming before converting to a more consumer-based economy. Both economies had their besotted and weak points, but the Roman economy was particularly vulnerable to collapse.Question 3What effects did the Ind ian Ocean trade have on the societies that took part in it? How is trade related to the dissemination of technology? Define the barrier Africanity and rationalize the development of Africanity in barriers of Bantu migrations.Ancient Indian Ocean trade not only introduced new goods to various societies it also began a centuries-long spread of information, technology, religion, nomenclature and culture. Trade across the Indian Ocean was well-established at least two thousand years ago. Cities sprung up along the African and Middle easterly coasts.In this time port cities were primarily isolated from inland areas, meaning that the coastal cities developed unique identities of their own. Kinship and trade among the coastal cities in different regions led to a de-nationalization of these peoples. A sailor was a sailor first, and the citizen of a specific regime second. These sailors a great deal married women in far away points. The wives, in effect, served as bridges between cultur es.Generally speaking, using sea routes for trading was much less expensive than moving goods over land. Also overland routes were often blocked or impeded by armed forces or bandits. As Indian Ocean ship building improved, what resulted was an ancient version of globalism. The cross-cultural neighborly and economic effects we see today were present in antiquity on a smaller scale.The relatively vast distances necessary to travel the Indian Ocean gave rise to new techniques and methods in shipbuilding. These methods were diffused across cultures along with improvements in tools, farming methods and other technologies. Ships were capable of transporting goods farther than ever before. There is strong evidence of an ancient trade triangle between Southern Africa, Egypt and India. There is also evidence that early traders ventured as far as Java in the Far East. As today, not everybody in ancient times was content with these cross-cultural influences.As the Islamic empire grew, an inc reasing number of Africans became affected by their influence. Some were content with this and other out incline influences. Others may not have been. In about 1000 B.C.E. the first of several large migrations began.Africanity is a depot of identity for the African people. It is distinctly different and less clearly defined than identifiers for other cultures. In fact, African languages have no one specific word for identity. In our language identity refers to an independent individual with clear boundaries from other individuals. In Africa, identity is more complex.Instead of being a soundless identifier, Africanity refers to an ongoing process of finding ones identity within the larger culture. There is no singular identity. Ones identity is always being formed and is dependent on interaction with others. Africanity also is expressed discovering ones differences from others. It is also a come to be a term of resistance to the imposed definitions of identity from the Europeans a nd others. Africans are not so comfortably identified in terms of a geographic description as Europeans or Americans might be. Identity is a process rather than a label.The Bantu are a large group of Africans loosely defined by language and tribal connections. In several large waves, the Bantu migrated throughout Africa. They diffused their language, culture and technological developments while also absorbing characteristics of the people they came into contact with.The Bantu migrated primarily from north to south over about 1500 years. Their possible reasons were numerous and still somewhat mysterious. Overpopulation and the lack of arable land for agriculture are often cites as reasons for this tremendous population shift. Others have proposed more primal reasons.Were the Bantu migrations an expression of Africanity? Some Bantu were moving away from attacks by after-school(prenominal) empires. more(prenominal) pervasive were the encroaching cultural and religious influences that some Bantu may have felt were drawing them away from their own pursuit of identity and forcing outside standards upon them.There is still a lot of debate as to why such a large number of Bantu migrated throughut Africa in successive waves. It may have been strictly economic or there may have been deeper elements involved. Whatever their reason their integration and diffusion of other African societies and their knack for survival are in their own ways expressions of Africanity.Question 5Discuss the origins of Islam, and the development of the religion of Islam, the umma, and the three branches of Islam (Sunni, Shiite, and Kharijite). What were the causes of the decline of the caliphate?The faith of Islam is thousands of years old. It traces its history to many of the same characters mentioned in the Bible and the Torah. For instance, Abraham is a central figure in all three texts. Islam would go on to take unique perspectives and characteristics from the other two, part due to reg ional differences. As individual religions became the main defining characteristic of competing nation states, wars in the name of religion became commonplace.The primary figure in the development of Islam was the prophet Mohammed. He was born approximately 570 B.C. in the town of Mecca (in modern day Saudi Arabia). He rejected the polytheism commonly practiced around him in favor of one God, called Allah. In his 40s, Mohammed began receiving divine revelations which he dutifully recorded for posterity. These revelations formed the central part of the Quran, the book of faith for the religion of Islam. Lacking credence from his peers, and from Jewish and Christian critics, Mohammed moved his ministry to the city of Medina.From Mohameds time all the way to the present day differing views on the Quran have caused conflict within the Muslim world. There is a very strict constructionist view of the book that demands adherence to the books tenets even when taken to extreme levels. On th e other side a more moderate wing of Islamic leaders who believe that contact and cooperation with the non-Islamic world is not living in violation of the Quran.After Mohammeds death, there was no clear successor to his leadership. Various local sects competed for this leadership with three main groups emerging Sunni, Shiite and Kharijite. To this day the three groups have doctrinal differences that sometimes result in bitter conflicts. Each group claims a different line of succession tracing all the way back to Mohammed himself. For instance, the Shia believe that the legitimate line of leadership must run directly through the family of Mohammed, while the Sunni and others believe that leadership can be politically elected from outside Mohammeds family tree.During Mohammeds life the influence of Islam remained primarily within the Arabian Peninsula. Shortly after his death Islamic armies began to conquer nearby regions, eventually arriver Western Europe and Israel. Early Islam al so promoted the acquisition of scientific knowledge. As a result, early Islamic society was highly advanced.The Umma is a term that describes a wide variety of Islamic people. It includes Islamic people in all primary spheres of Islamic influence. Most commonly, the Umma refers to all Islamic peoples from Africa to the easternmost point of Pakistan. The term dates back to ancient Islam.The centralization of the Islamic governmental structure lasted about 200 years. By the end of this period powerful emirs began to rule individual kingdoms within the empire. Control by a centralized caliphate was proving to be impractical and unresponsive to the defensive needs of certain localized areas. Eminent scholars argued increasingly that the security of the Umma was at risk under the caliphate system.Many leaders wanted to maintain the caliphate while also delegating more day-to-day management to local authorities. This idea in stages began to take hold. Meanwhile, waves of Turkish and Seli jug and other immigrants helped accelerate the process toward local emirates. Economic and security factors eroded the Caliphate and gave rise to a network of smaller emirates.

Could Russia Have Defeated Japan in the Russo-Japanese War?

This essay willing examine Russias advantages and disadvantages pre-war, war and post-war that could shed changed the rush of history and en competentd Russia to defeat lacquer in the Russo-japanese struggle. Russia, despite major advantages in resources, war machine personnel, oceanic forces, and strategical depth, lost the Russo- lacquerese War to Japan, a rising power whose military strength and power were grossly underestimated. Why? What could Russia have d superstar differently to defeat Japan in the war?Summarizing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of Russias poor leadership, lack of strategic planning against Japan, and logistical differences will help clarify what it did wrong and what it could have done to defeat Japan in 1904. Diplomatic and economic factors before and during the war In 1854, Japan had reopened her doors to the joined States, the United Kingdom, and Russian after 200 years of isolation from all Western powers, except the Netherlands (K oda 12).Of these powers, Britain and Russia had the strongest impact on the national security policy of the Nipponese goernment. By the 1890s, given the growing competition among European Powers in Asia, Japan had begun to implement policies to increase the nations military and economic modernization. They recognized that misery to do so would lead to the nations dominance or dismemberment by foreigners (Francis 1). Between 1888 and 1904, the Russian Empires economy was booming.As the financial heath of the government improved, it can be expected that the Minister of War would be allowed to share in this bounty. The Ministry was able to fund two decided rearmament programs the acquisition of magazine rifles and the introduction of the firstborn quick-firing field artillery piece (Fuller 363). Both programs helped enhance and put Russia at an advantage in military deftness and innovation compared to other powers within the region. In 1894, Russia had a newTsar in Nicholas II, wh o was young, dreamy and ambitious and noted by biographers as a pallid man and easily led (Fuller 370). Another important figure to Russias government was Count S. Iu. Witte. Witte, the Minister of Finance, 1892-1903, rapidly became one of Nicholass most powerful ministers in the early part of his regime as Tsar (Fuller 370). Witte was the prime mover of the Trans-Siberian and Chinese easterly railroads, which allowed Russia to become a monopoly over resources and markets of Manchuria (Fuller 370).In defect 1900, War Minister Kuropatkin delivered a speech in which he summarized the ways in which Russia had used its military power in the past two coke years and a series of predictions on upcoming challenges the nation would have to face. He argued that Russia neither needed nor desired war with any of the other majuscule Powers it simply had nothing to gain by it (Fuller 377). Yet, Russia was not a satisfied Power and in a report to the Tsar, Kuropatkin had to endorse the keep economic developing of Manchuria and the expansion of Russia influence in the East (Fuller 378).Moreover, Russia had concluded an alliance with China against Japan and, in the process provided the finance China needed in replacement for railway and industrial monopolies and won rights to extend the Trans-Siberian Railroad across Chinese-held Manchuria to the Russian seaport of Vladivostok, thus gaining control of an important strip of Manchurian territory (Warner 113). Unfortunately, the marginal state of the Trans-Siberian railroad in 1904, logistical problems, and heavy costs meant only about 100,000 Russian troops and supporting units had been deployed to the Far East.However, this continuous crash connivance over the spheres of influence in Manchuria, appearance Arthur, and finally in 1903 when Russia developed an economic interest in Korea further exasperated Japan (Koda 16). Start of the War The Russo-Japanese War took place from February 1904 to September 1905 it was a wa r that originated out of rival imperial ambitions of the Japanese and Russian Empires over Manchuria, carriage Arthur, and Korea. The Russians had been pursuing a run-in of steady aggression and contrary to what Japan considered her vital interests and national honor (Mahan 172).The Russians had countless chances to gain an advantage and a better diplomatic position over Japan. After negotiations back and forth concerning spheres of interest between the two nations were not met and in Japanese eyes were ignored due to the arrogance of the Tsar Japan part diplomatic relations on 6 February 1904 (Answer. com). Late at night on the 8th of February, a force of Japanese torpedo boats entered into manner Arthur. Through the dense fog, they launched a surprise attack that not only surprised the Russian naval squadron, but also surprised the world.Only one ship, the Novik, was not caught entirely napping and was able to give chase (Warner 17). Three of Russias biggest ships took severe hits the cruiser Pallada, Retvizan and Tsarevitch (Warner 17). Russia was shocked and definitely not prepared Although gunfire excited slightly in the evening, many knew nothing of the attack until the abutting morning. Some had heard and assumed that the fleet had been carrying out exercises and few people expected that the first attack by Japanese- or any attack at all- would take place in Port Arthur (Warner 17).Crafting a War Plan The Commander of Russias Far Eastern Armies, General Kuropatkin was tasked with developing Russias war plan his idea was to deny Japan an early victory by alternating farsighted holding actions and strategic withdrawals in order to gain the time needed to bring thousands of additional troops from European Russia (Fuller 379). Inso far as possible, he wrote, our forces must(prenominal) avoid decisive engagements in order to escape being defeated in detail prior to concentration of forces sufficient for the defeat of the Japanese (Fuller 400).He exp ected the Japanese to invade Manchuria, they did he anticipated that the Japanese would attack Port Arthur, they did so, his plan was absolutely accurate and unquestionably foreboded the events that were about to unfold in this Russian nightmare. But no matter how intelligent or administratively talented Kuropatkin may have been, he committed the gravest of errors by underestimating his enemy. The Japanese host was highly motivated and trained and ready to implement their war plan. In an attempt to avoid war, Japan presented Russia with a treaty that would be relatively sporting to both sides.Russia, to the surprise of no one, declined the terms and Japan was left with no choice other than to declare war. In July 1903 at pre-war negotiations, the Japanese Minister in St. Petersburg as instructed to present Russian Minister, Roman Rosen, with his countrys views and desires. After the proposal, Russia provide a counter-proposal and Japan provided another proposal by which Manchuria would be right(prenominal) the Japanese sphere of influence and, reciprocally, Korea outside Russias (Answers. com).One month later on 4 February when no formal reply had been received, Japan severed ties and went about achieving everything that they asked for at the pre-negotiations. According to Karl von Clausewitz, a renowned theorist of war, two parties need to want peace for a war to be terminated and both sides must be able to overcome internal and external oppositions to end the war. Because of Russian leaders incompetence, arrogance, and inability to respond promptly and compromise negotiations, Japans pre-war requests and Kuropatkins predictions of Japans war strategy were developing in what would be known in history as the Russo-Japanese War.Elements of the Land Campaign At the outbreak of the war, Russia had the worlds largest standing army, but most of it was in Europe. The Japanese knew that Russia could not fully concentrate its army in the Far East because it had to keep some forces in westwardern Russia as a counter to Turkish, German, and Austrian forces (Koda 22). Russia was not ready for the war with Japan, and the Japanese knew it. All Japan had to do was concentrate its forces in Manchuria and match the strength of Russian forces there.For the Japanese to establish superiority, they had to overcome their handicaps shortage of strategic reserves, an insufficient stockpile of ammunition, and poor field heavy artillery (Koda 23). In order to overcome these handicaps, Japan had a well thought out operational plan and effective tactics on the battlefield, which yielded perfectly to the warfare of Manchurian plain. In my opinion, all Russia had to do was delay Japanese forces while they built up their strength in the west and bring forces south from the Chinese Eastern railway.Without the Trans-Siberian Railway to assist in reinforcing Russian forces, Russia would be left without a real plan of campaign (Warner 319). Therefore, the longer the war went on, the more likely an eventual(prenominal) Russian victory would have been in a battle of industrial attrition due to the continuing flow of reinforcements along the railway. Synchronizing ground and naval efforts Japan had to deliver a severe blow before Russia had time to prepare and execute whatever war plan that they may have established.In the words of Admiral Bull Halsey, Japan needed to Hit hard, hit fast and hit often. In March the Japanese landed an army in Korea that quickly overran that country. In May another Japanese army landed on the Liaotung Peninsula, and on May 26 it cut off the Port Arthur fort from the main body of Russian forces in Manchuria. Russia needed to stop playing on the defense and start being on the offensive. With the help of reinforcements received via the Trans-Siberian Railroad, Russia continued attacks, but it proved indecisive owing to poor military leadership.An example of the Russians impotence in leadership occurred at the siege of Port Arthur. After believing that the purpose of defending the city was lost due to the defeat of the fleet, Major General Stessel decided to surrender his post without consulting the other military staff present, or the Tsar and the military command. All disagreed with his decision because the garrison was still well stocked and had months of food and ammunition. In 1908, Stessel was convicted by a court-martial and sentenced to death, though later pardoned for his offenses (Answer. om). More aggressive naval power The Japanese Combined Fleet was slightly superior to the Russian Pacific Fleet (Koda 22). Japan was at an advantage to Russia, because Russias fleet had to be divided in two forces, one at Port Arthur and the other at Vladivostok (Koda 22). The fleets at Port Arthur and Vladivostok were also smaller and less ready, which left Russias land and naval forces outnumbered at the start of the war. Japans strategy was to engage each force independently and prevent any Russian r einforcements.Japans Combined Fleet had to destroy the Pacific Fleet before the arrival of reinforcements and it was necessary for Admiral Togo to prevent his strength, to ensure that he had a fleet capable of destroying the reinforcements when they arrived (Koda 23). The Russian fleet in Port Arthur presented a menace to the sea lines of communication for Japan and was a determining factor of the war. The attack, although successful, was not executed as planned.It continued long enough to afford Russia the opportunity to bring into play her other naval forces from the west and if other circumstance would not have accorded, may have caused Japan their victory. For example, the Baltic Fleet was on its last leg of its 18,000 nautical mile move to Vladivostok, when they were spotted by the Japanese Combined Fleet. The Baltic Fleet had been successfully traveling at night to avoid discovery. Unfortunately, one of her hospital ships exposed a light, which was sighted by a Japanese ship .The ship reported the sighting to Admiral Togo, who was able to position his fleet and engage in the battle of Tsushima. The Russian fleet was annihilated at Tsushima. If the Russian fleet would have positioned their cruisers, designed for speed and endurance, at Vladivostok, Russia would have had a better chance at counter-attacking Japans fleet. Unlike Port Arthur with only one way in and out, Vladivostok had two exits, to the Japan Sea and to the east coast of the islands by way of the Tsugaru Straits.The Japanese vessels out numbered the Russian vessels and they probably would have still picked off the Russian vessels one by one, but positioning the cruisers at another port would have allowed for continued freedom of commerce. Although this is an indirect effect to the war, it directly affected the already unstable economy and a growing rebellious status to war efforts in Russia. One of the most important things to remember is not just the multiple locations of the Russia fleet s, but that they were divided into fractions individually smaller than those of a possible enemy.If the Russian divisions at Port Arthur, Vladivostok, and in the European ports of Russia would have been united, they would have outweighed the Japanese fleet hence causing the Japanese fleet to re-evaluate their plan and possibly changing the course of the war. Additionally, Admiral Makarov, Commander of the Baltic Fleet, suggested that more ships should assist the Port Arthur and Vladivostok, but with his death a conference of the Higher Naval Board with the Tsar presiding was needed.For the next three months, the new commander, Admiral Rozhdestvenski, struggled with the inevitable tangle of Russian red tape and prepared his fleet for the long journey and they set sail in October of 1904 (Warner 402). The Baltic fleet should have been sent east the instant the Japanese declared war and would have arrived in ample time to assist and been able to provide much needed reinforcements and a more aggressive naval power. ConclusionDespite Russias major advantages in resources, military personnel, naval forces, and strategic depth, they lost to an up and coming power, Japan. Furthermore, they could have negotiated out of starting a war, and never have been put in a situation that caused undue sharpness on their ill-prepared naval and land forces. If it wasnt for poor leadership, lack of strategic planning, and logistical differences, Russia could have defeated Japan in the Russo-Japanese War.

How Can We Organise Our Thinking Essay

Psychologists who study the mental mathematical operation of thinking, as well as perception, use uping, fund and language, work in the theatre of cognitive psychology. Thinking is probably one of the most difficult processes to describe, as we think in threesome ways. We think in words and meaning semantic thought, we think in images by making mental pictures iconic thought and enactive thought based on impressions of actions, such as tying a shoelace. Our memory provides us with the ability to remember the past and things that we have learnt in the past. On a daily basis we are overloaded with training, so how do we process it?Firstly, we can organise our thoughts by involving and using mental images which helps us memorise better verbal and written information. So, we think about things by making a mental picture in our mind.When starting to learn the a new language, mental images are very(prenominal) helpful to learn the basic vocabulary. A very good congresswoman of thi s is the key word technique. To explain this further, imagine a picture of a bell with a lid on it, which has a smashed smell, the French word is La Poubelle, and is pronounced pooh-bell, which means bin in English. You can then make a mental picture of yourself lifting the lid slay of the bell shaped bin and saying pooh. This key word technique created by Michael Raugh and Richard Atkinson, who experimented on two groups of participants, who were asked to learn a list of 60 Spanish words. The group that used the key word technique, when all participants were tested, scored an average of 88% and the group that did not use these key words scored 28%.This proves that the use of mental images help us remember things, and we can develop different memory stagegies such as mnemonics, which are an aid or verse to remember facts. An example of this is, to aid us when effectuateting up a snooker table with the different coloured balls. Most of us know all the red balls go in the triangle, and the location of the black, pink and blue balls. However, we do forget the order of the green, brown and yellow because they are placed in a row of three next to each(prenominal) other. An easy mnemonic way to remember this order of balls is God Bless You.Second, another important way we can organise our thoughts is by putting them into categories. This is known as concept formation and is the process of underdeveloped mental representation by developing categories of a group of objects or events that parcel of land similar properties. For example, the concept of animal, this concept contains other sub-concepts and then further sub-concepts. You divide animals into birds, fish and mammals. Then, divide birds into robins, sparrows and owls etc. Using our concepts we can define the features that we brother with birds, such as wings, feathers, beaks, flying.These defining concepts of a bird, do not have to be applied rigidly, as certain birds cannot fly, such as penguins and os triches.Weston Bousfield conducted an experiment where participants were asked to learn a list of sixty words that could be divided into four categories. Example furniture, fruit, clothing and flowers. Although the words were presented in a hit-or-miss order, the participants tended to remember them in groups which belonged to the same category,so if they remembered apple, they would remember peach, lemon and strawberry.This shows us that the information was available, but without the category clues given above, we cannot access all of this information. Now, when we try to recall this information that has been arranged in to categories. Each piece of information then cues the next in turn, as it has been stored in our mind in an structured way, as opposed to a random and arbitrary way.Finally, strategys are a vital way to organise our thoughts, as they allow us to remember information about particular things. A schema is mental framework of knowledge developed as a result of exper ience, that can help us recall information that has been stored, and so provide more than cues to prompt our memory. Hence, we read our knowledge about objects, situations, groups of people and ourselves into a large filing cabinet in our mind.The term schema (plural schemas or schemata) that was used by Jean Piaget an influential Swiss psychologist, who spent over 50 years, investigating the way children developed their thinking and cognitive skills, learning and memory.This was done by developing schemas which built up and developed by their result of experience in the world. Simply this means that our memory is a large filing cabinet and each file in the cabinet is a schema. If you opened a schema labelled going to the cinema it would contain all your knowledge about trips to the cinema. acquire a ticket, seeing a film, sitting in the dark and eating popcorn. So, if you went to a cinema that you had not been to before, you would open up your cinema schema file in your memory and this would lead the way.John Bransford and Marcia Johnson conducted an experiment, which illustrated the role of schemas.They asked participants to read a passage from a book and recall it as accurately as they could. one-half the participants were given the title of the passage and the other half without the title of washing clothes.The title provides a schema, so that the information can be set aside and remembered more easily.In conclusion, we have explored the ways that we think and the ways that organising our thoughts our can improve our memory. So, mental images give us pictures, concept formation puts information into groups of categories, and developing schemas, allows us to construct and remember mental packages about relevant information.Therefore, our memory is the key to how we function and who we are.

Effects of conflict on productivity Essay

List of Figures and T commensuratesPageStudy population Table 3.18Response sum up -Table 4.19Causes of difference Table 4.29Causes of Conflict Pie Chart 4.110 effect of Conflict Table 4.310Effects of Conflict Pie Chart 4.211(vi)Chapter OneINTRODUCTION1.1 IntroductionLucgeor Enterprises was registered in 1998 as a general merchant business notwithstanding specialized in supplyof printed and general stati whizzry amongst others. Since its enrolment , Lucgeor has nevenr looked back and subscribe dominated the supply of stati unityry to most of the businesses in Mombasa and surrounding towns.The troupe has 43 members of staff who consent the necessary skills and load to the ideals of the brass in whole respect. The have it offment of Lucgeor Enterprises atomic number 18 people of long standing experience in the Printing and stationery business. They have instil lead good police squad live on and severaliseicipatory focal point of the arrangement which has seen the organization take a top in the stationery supply business.The company aims to gain a huge market sh ar through assorted approaches including cost leadership , emolument contrastingiation and focused attention aimed at persuading their customers and potential clents iof their gauge serve well provision and pocket friendly prices. The company makes good use of ICT to reach its clients and consequently saving on time and be.Lucgeor Enterprises which is based at Bondeni area along Abdel Nasser Street, has for the last twoand half years been going through some troths amidst and amongst its staff. The divergences have in away slowed or derailed the smooth operations of the company and more than importantly affected its serving delivery to key clients who have had to wait for hours or days for goods to be delivered. This tr end is unlike in the past when service provision took precedence over all else. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTThe company has had strained relations amongst its w orkforce lately which hampers its service deliv eryactivities. The complaints registered with precaution regarding curt service delivery to customer sare becoming the norm rather than the exception. If the trend is not arrested in good time, the impact of the appointments within the organization whitethorn end up destroying the company and with it the livelihood of a good number of employees and even the owners.1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY(i) To establish the perplexs of infringe at Lucgeor Enterprises (ii) Effects of engagements at Lucgeor Enterprises and(iii) To anticipate for appropriate solutions to the conflicts.1.4 Research Questions(I) What are the causes of conflict at Lucgeor Enterprises?(ii) What are the effects of conflict at Lucgeor Enterprises and? (iii) Which are the most appropriate solutions to the conflicts? 1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY(i) To the explore workerThe study would give the research worker a first hand experience on what causes conflicts, conf lict situ ations,effects of conflicts on organizational productivity, teams and team work and hopefully enable the tec to date stunnedmatch conflict management approaches which could help organizations in conflict t oovercome such(prenominal) conflict situations in their organizations in the best way possible . 1recommendations given as anecdotes to the conflict situations in the organization thus unlocking the potentials of the business to serve its customers effectively by managing the conflicts sensitively .(iii) To other ResearchersThe study would give upcoming researchers ready information for referencepurposes and to enable them fill the gaps that whitethorn be noted and hopefully cleanse the conflict prevention , containment , avoid ance and management activities in organizations thus enhancing positive industrial relations in organizations, besides increasing the body of knowledge obtainable for consultation and experimentation. (iv) To Mount Kenya UniversityFuture res earchers would utilize the findings of this study for reference purposes and the foundation upon which they whitethorn further their research on conflicts, based on available findings , conclusions and recommendations thus filling the gaps that may be noted and hopefully improve the conflict prevent , containment , avoidance and management activities in organizations thus enhancing positive indus relations in organizations.1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDYEffects of Conflict on Organizational productivity study, was an attempt to understand the effects of conflict amongst employees of an organization on their productivity and the general productivity of the organization in achieving its objectives.. The study was conducted amongst the employees of Lucgeor Enterprises at their place of work at Bondeni area and it took approximately 6 months. 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY(a) miss of TimeThe researcher due to time constraints was confront with serious juggling between the research work ti meand the daily work related responsibilities, all of which required a piece of his time. Fortunatelythe researcher was able to work through and ensured that none was given a raw deal and the project completed in time.(b) Limited cultivationThe researcher due to the nature of organizational policies and communication strategy, received l mited iinformation on the basis that the providers i.e the staff, never fully trusted the intentions of the researcher. alone to authenticate the information provided, the researcher went the extra mile to independently v erifythe resembling with the top management who were more than willinging to clarify provided information and eve tied the loose ends thus affording the researcher a clear picture of the inf rmation required for the oresearch work.(c) Reluctance by employees to respondThe researcher faced the prospects of failure by the staff to respond to inter suck ins, answer questio nnaires.The employees reluctance to respond, our investigations found were due to fear of victimization by management for divulging company information to outsiders whose intentions were not clear to them. To circumvent this, the researcher consulted the management who gave unequivocal assurance to the staff that they will not be victimized since the researcher was a student whose lucubrate they had authenticated and was simply doing research as part of their course work. the assurance saved theday and enabled them to respond positively given the requirements of the project.2Chapter TwoLITERATURE redirect examination2.1 INTRODUCTIONConflict is a common denominator to all social life. It is an fatal part of our lives becauseit is related to situations of scarce resources, division of functions, power relations and role differeniation. tBecause of its pervasive and ambagious nature, conflicts have led scholars and administrators to qu estionwhether they understand its meaning and relevance and how best to cope with conflict should one arise. T he normative conception of conflict, strongly influenced by a preoccupation with st major power and equilibrium in organizational de sign of the zodiac, links conflict to violence, destruction, inefficiency and irrationality This form of intellectual myopia was especially invidious in suggesting that administrators have th eresponsibility of avoiding, controlling or eliminating conflicts. Descriptive approaches challenge the whole basis and rationale of these assumptions. They permit usto depart from an outmoded simulacrum by suggesting that any social interaction in which the parties (however they may be structured or defined) compete for scarce resources or values have the potenti l for aconflict. Using the term in broad sense , we suggest that conflict refers to all kinds of antagonis ticinteractions. More specifically, it spate be defined as a situation in which two or more partie have sout or keeping(p) objectives and in which their perceptions and behaviour are commensurate with the incompatibility. This definition is purposely broad. It suggests that conflict is a social phenomenon that is found in personal, group or organizational interactions.Conflict therefore has several dimensions.Fink 5 distinguishes between(I) Antagonistic- psychological relations and(ii) Antagonistic behaviourLikewise Pondy 6 observes that conflict is made up of (I)Antecedent conditions (ii) Affective conditions(iii) Cognitive conditions and(iv) Behavioural conditionsWe therefore advance a conception which emphasizes its three, interconnected dimensions, namely (1)Conflict situation (the basic incompatibility)(2) Conflict attitudes (Range of psychological factors) and(3) Conflict behaviour (set of related behaviour)Conflict refers to more than just overt behaviour. Concentrating only upon its behavioural materialization is an extremely limiting exercise. The three dimensional conceptions of conflict emphasizes the ne d to econsider the situation in which parties (Individuals, groups or organizations ) come to possess incompatible goals, their structure of interaction and the nature of their goals. We have to consid eremotional (e.g distrust) and Cognitive ( e.g Stereotyping) orientations that accompany a conflict situation as well as a range of action undertaken by any party in a situation of conflict. 2.2 Theoritical Review / Conceptual FrameworkStephen Robbins makes a strong case for the select for a more realistic approach to conflict with his Interactionist Approach. He states that there are three basic managerial attitudes toward conflicwhich the identifies as traditional behavioural and interactionist. The traditionalist, following our so cialteaching opines that all conflicts are damaging and managements role is to get them out of th eorganization. The traditionalist, therefore, believes conflict should be eliminated. Thebehaviouralist seeks to rationalize the existence of conflict and accurately perceives conflict as inevitable inomplex corga nizations or relationships. Thus the behaviouralist accepts it . The Interactionist views conlict as f dead necessary, encourages opposition, defines management of conflict to complicate stimulationas well as resolution and considers the management of conflict as a major responsibility of all administrators.3The interactionist view is accepted and encourages conflict. Avoiding a disagreement doesnt make t go iaway. We pauperism to be aware of conflict and make decisions about what we are going to do about it. Conflicts only become negative when it is not approached and resolved. Lack of communication amongst group members can lead to avoidance of conflict. When that happens, the group can lose its effectiveness. group members and leaders need to to be able to resolve conflict successfully. Likeany other leadership skills, conflict management can be learnt.Conflict directionConflict is inevitable in any interpersonal relationship or among members of any group. Whereas we meet vari ous types of conflicts in our lives, we are at a lose as to what to do when one arises. Ma nypeople tend to leave conflict situations e.g if one breaks out in a group. Why do we shy away from dealing with conflict? . It is because we were raised to believe t hat conflict is something to beavoided, an experience of failure. However conflict does not have to lead to failure, or even to the termin ation ofrelationship. we all come to see and experience the world in a different way, and we all have different ideas about what is best for my group or our group. Recognizing this fact can help free us from the negative conclusion that conflict is a signal of failure.Styles of Conflict Management(a) Competing An individual pursues his or her own concerns at the expense of the other person. This is a power oriented mode. Competing may even mean standing up for your rights, fend for a positio n which you believe correct, or simply trying to win.(b) Accommodating The opposite of competing Wh en accommodating, an individual neglects his or her own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person. there is an gene of self sacrifice this inmode. Accommodating might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another persons put up when one would prefer not to, or yielding to another persons point of view. (c) Avoiding- The individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. He or she does not address the conflict Avoiding may take form of diplomatic sidestepping of the retort, postponing an issue until a better time or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation. (d) Compromising The objective is to find some expedient, mutually acceptable solution which partiallysatisfies b parties. . Falls in the essence of Competing and accommodating. oth(e) Collaborating- The opposite of avoiding . Collaborating involves attempt to work with the other person to find some solution which fully satisfies the concerns of t wo persons. InitiationThe most effective way to confront conflict situation is to state the tangible effect a conflict ha on you. s(f) Active Listening Negotiators must be suitable of hearing the other personspoint of view . . plot of ground listening, do not think about how to reply in order to persuade . . argument agitative replies should be avoided.. Active listening involves paraphrasing or restating what the other places. Idea or . Content should be considered as well as feelings.(g) Problem solving. enlighten the problem After the above steps, each party should have a clear idea about what is the tangible issue.. Talk about what is compulsory or wanted ( be clear on facts and information). . Generate a list of possible solutions.CONFLICT CAUSESNations, organizations and groups are made up of individual tender-hearted universes. severally person has through experience developed a set of values and evolved a set of behavioural rules. These values and rulesare suffici ently alike in a given society to allow justice, morals and ethics to exist and create gener l aagreement about what is right and what is wrong. But the value-rule set for each individual is a unique set not fully shared by other humans..These differences in value-rule sets are most likely the basi ccauses of conflict.4Another major cause of conflict is the motivation of the separate individuals. Each person is motiv atedby a unique degree of satisfaction in a set of needs. It is quite likely that in a given situation the individual concerned will be aiming their personal efforts at slightly different objectives. Such objectives may be similar enough to permit cooperative effort but sufficiently different to createsome conflict. A common example is the sizzling line employed by numerous commanders as a means of staying in touch with the troops. This opportunity to short circuit supervisory channels lots antagonizes intermediate managers, who may learn of a problem only when the commander confronts them with it.. Then, too, it may be possible for all to be motivated to behave toward the same goal accomplishment but to feel that the goal, when attained, will not be great enough for all to share adequately in the reward. Conflict may then die as each person strives to attain their place in the sun. EFFECTS OF CONFLICTSConflicts have both positive and negative effects. It can be positive when it encourages creativity, new looks at old conditions, the clarification of points of view, and the development of human capabilities to handle interpersonal differences. All of us have experienced a blow up of creativity when we perm the itideas of others to trigger our imagination, as for example in a brainstorming session. Conflicts can be negative when it creates resistance to change, establishes turmoil in organization orinterpersonal relations fosters distrust, builds a feeling of defeat or widens the chasm of misunderstanding. . Unfortunately the term conflict ha s only the connotation of bad for many people, so much that they think principally in terms of suppression, giving little or no attention to its more positive side.THE PERSON AND THE ORGANIZATIONConflicts occur when the needs and goals of the individual are not in harmony with the objectives a nd goals of the organization. Chris Argyris, in his discussion of man versus the organization, indic ates the high likelihood of the traditional goals and structures of organizations may be in conflict with the needs and goals of the personalities in the organization. This maybe reflected in the efficient and omni potentbureaucracy that places emphasis on hierarchy, specialization of work, formal norms of conduct ,and explicit rules, often forgetting or overlooking the individual and his unique qualities. Traditionally, personal values tend to be hostile toward organizations, big government, big business, bureaucracy, and the military. once again, conflict can arise when interdependency exist s. Employees become dependent on the organization to give their lives direction and meaning. Such dependency allows them to escape the burdens of personal responsibility. whereas we praise laissez faire in workers, the organization often require that sthe individual be treated impersonally. Efficiency requirements in organizations also acts as a sou of rceconflict because they regularly demand that the goals and needs of the organization be given higher priority than the rights of individual. We therefore yield to the proposition that conflict between organizations and personal values is regulation and a fact of life.Managing the inherent conflict between individual needs and organizational need demands a high degree of self awareness on the part of the manager. What am I willing to do in balancing of these needs? How much can I accommodate of the needs of other human beings in the organization and still serve the greater good of the company?One major influence on the managers ac tions or decisions will be his basic concept or philosophy about the nature of man. Douglas McGregor presents a famous dissertation on this subject in the considera tionof Theory X and Y. Argyris offers a number of managerial consideration as well us Abraham Maslow propositions of various assumptions for managers to adopt for an enlightened approach to the individual-organization conflict situation. Research has led to conclusions that potential indivi dualorganization conflicts are heightened as management acts to reduce orconstrain the individual opportunity to check. Organizations tend to make final decisions without input of the employees wi th the lookout that no mistakes would be made, no errors. This fosters conflict as the expectation may sbe overwhelming. Unless the organization is supportive to the individuals problem -solving efforts, such conflict continues and pass ups5his ideas.Another source of individual versus organizational conflict is generated by the new man v ersus the old man. The innovator is always in a less supportive environment than the entrenched old hand. 1. Chris Argyris, Personality and Organization (New York Harper Torchbooks,1957), Chapters III andVII. 2. Douglas McGregor, The tender Side of Enterprise (New York McGraw- Hill, 1960) 3. Argyris, pp.232-374. Abraham Maslow, Eupsychian Management (Homewood, Illinois Richard D. Irwin, 1965), pp. 17-33 5. chevy Levinson, The Exceptional Executive A psychological Conception (Cambridge, Massachussets Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 204-7.6Argyris, p. 2347. Fredrick W. Hertzberg, The Wise disused Turk Harvard Business Review, September- October 1974, pp. 70-80.Sources of conflictFor managers to effectively manage conflicts, they need to understand their source. Basic sourcesof conflict are, semantic , role , values. Semantic sources are those stemming from some failure in communication. Traditionally, semantic has to do with the meaning of words, but here that is just one con tour of its role. We use semantics to point out major source of conflict as the failure of two individuals to share fully the meaning of a communicative attempt. The cause of the failure may be technical problems in the communication surgical procedure (static, filters, barriers etc)., or they may be ac tualdifferences in perception and understanding. The offspring being an absence of agreement thus conflict .Role sources are those that rise out of the varying perceptions of people about the expected behaviours of themselves and others. Many of these come from the location and position levels in organizations. Others come from the structures and processes devised by management to organize work, channel effort ,and coordinate exercise. Value sources have their foundations in the individuals value sets of people. These value sets quickly contribute to differences between people because they are different. Theycause each of us at times to respond or behave in an unexpected manner because we are behaving as dictated by a value set not fully shared by our associates, and then a sense on their part of a difference between us. What is effective in one value conflict situation may not be in the next. The separation as give tongue toabove is for the knowledgeable researcher and other resource persons. But our daily conflict is a combinatio of nelements from more than one source. We can not therefore say that the three sources are distinct. E achaffects the others to some degree.Individual reaction to conflictSince conflict may be positive or negative, there may be a range of reactions to conflict. Such rea ctionsmay range from high expectations and pleasure to absolute rejection. Broadly, an individual in conflict situation has only two options i.e sign up or ship out. Massie and Douglas identify certain situation of dilemma in the conflict situation which they call Zone of indifference 8. Joseph L. Massie and John Douglas, Managing A Contemporary Introduction ( Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1973), p.219.MEANS TO RESOLVE OR REDUCE CONFLICTBasic to other considerations in resolving conflicts is that the parties to the conflict need to tr st each uother and must be capable and willing to locate the source of the conflict. Conflict situations pre sentdifferent options to the concerned parties. We can decide to do nothing about the conflict. But what will be the result of non action?. If one remains in conflict situation then instead rather than later the tension will sum up and one of the parties will strive to win over the other o to drive him or her out. Or even rworse, the losing party may become more aggressive or hostile and counter attack the element frustr ting aThe result of non action may be dysfunctional as the decision to do nothing may not be the best in certain situations while it may be good in some.One method often applied in conflict situations is the use of super ordinate goals. For example, the entire work fo rce, taken as a whole, is something of a super ordinate goal uniting conflicting groups bene ath that umbrella. The manager gets the group to see how conflict affects productivity, thus reducing, the littler groups stake in the boilersuit organizations success. The approach is similar to the common enemy approach, wherein the groups in competition find unity viewing an outside group as a common enemy. . This unity can hide or lessen conflict in groups.A unique method to resolve conflict is to increase interaction between conflicting groups by physically exchanging persons between conflicting groups. For example, if the gizmo unit is having difficulty dealing with the gadget unit, a temporary change of people between these groups could help the conflicting elements learn the others problems and frame of reference. the result could be better communications, greater understanding and less future conflict. The quickest resolution is a confrontation meeting. The manager should however, be warned that confrontation requires complete preparedness on his part.He must have the facts of the conflict siuation tand confidence in his self-control and his ability to use diplomacy, tact and problem solving. But then, he must appreciate the fact that confrontation may worsen not better the situation. Basic to this efforts to resolve or reduce the conflict is the idea of avoiding win-lose situations. Sports and other recreational activities often acquire their flavor by win-losesituations, but the same may not be good for an organizational conflict situation. There are situations where the manager may seek to repress confl ict.This is true where the differences between the two conflicting elements are not relevant to the organizational task. Such conflict is bad to the organization. These differences are petty and self serving, thereby causing activity in which the participants try to win to preserve the sanctity of the original stand. A significant aid to the manager in such conflicts is an understanding of the human process of perception, process of handling stimuli in accordance with our values, rules, wishes, an dfears. With this understanding , the manager may explain to the conflicting parties how they are misreading the situational data. thus may find ways to suppress the conflict. 9. Dubin Robert. Human Relations in Administration Fourth Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1974.10. Hersey, Paul, and Kenneth H. Blanchard, Management of Organizational behaviour, Second Edition.Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1974.2.3 limited review of Existing Literature relevant to the studyBased on past studies and review of major issues, it has been established that conflict has a grea timpact on organizational effectiveness. Many studies have captured the basic foundations of the co nflictand therefore have provided the organizations with the data and information on best approaches to apply in conflict situations. However, the m any alternative approaches may not fit every organization and thus some may require unique combinations that may be difficult and hence require high levels of understanding by the management to handle and probably prescribe best solutions to.7Chapter ThreeMETHODOLOGY3.1 Research DesignThe research design in the case of Lucgeor Enterprises was the collection of data through intervie ws,questionnaires , observations and surveys. Then the relevant data was sieved and refined to conform with the requirements of the study.3.2 PopulationLucgeor Enterprises has an employee population of 43 persons both permanent and casual. Because the population was small , the researcher took the whole population for the purpose of data collection. Table 3.1 Study populationDepartmentNo of RespondentsAdministration5Finance4Marketing6Procurement & Stores11Production17Total433.3 Sampling FrameDue to the small no of employees , the whole population was considered and thus given equal treatme nt. 3.4 Sample and Sampling TechniqueNo. samples were taken as the whole population was taken for consideration. No technique was thus utilized as the whole population was considered.3.5 InstrumentsThe instruments that the researcher applied in the process were, questionnaires and interviews to corroborate some of the information provided. Use of questionnaires were relevant and convenient because the respondents were all literate and thus were able to fill the forms independently. 3.6 Data Collection ProcedureThe researcher prepared 43 pieces of questionnaires which he diligently distributed to all employee of sLucgeor Enterprises. the respondents were requested to fill the questionnaires within two weeks an dreturn the same to the researcher.3.7 Data Processing and AnalysisData gathered from the respondents through the questionnaires were cleaned, then selected into vari us ocategories by coding . They were then analysed by use of quantitative and qualitative techniques . the information generat ed from the analysis were thus presented in the form of tables, pie charts, andbar graphs.8Chapter FourRESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS4.1 IntroductionData was presented in the form of tables, pie charts and graphs, which made the interpretation4.2 PresentationThe researcher presented the data in various forms which captured all the areas of pastime to the studyas follows.4.3 Response rate.The researcher administered 43 questionnaires of which the return rate was 41 thus constituting an average of 95%. The response was such that the researcher was able to gather fully the necessary daa tfor the study.Table 4.1 Response rate.No of questionnairesadminsteredNo. of questionnairesreturned4341Percentage95%4.4 Causes of Conflict at Lucgeor EnterprisesThe researcher administered 43 questionnaires of which the return rate was 41 thus constituting an average of 95%. The response was such that the researcher was able to gather fully the necessary daa tfor the study.Table 4.2 Causes of Confli ctCauses of conflictNo. of respondentsPercentagePoor Management1229%Poor Remuneration1639%512%820%Lack of study and skillsIncompetence amongst staff9Pie Chart 4.1 Causes of ConflictNo. of RespondentsPoor ManagementPoor RemunerationLack of TrainingIncompetency amongemployeesAnalysisFrom table 4.2 and chart 4.1 , the causes of conflicts at Lucgeor Enterprises were as follows. Poor ManagementPoor Remuneration29%39%12%20%Lack of training and skillsIncompetence amongst staffThe above information shows that the one issue which the employees feel as the main cause of conflict with management is poor remuneration. The second item that they prioritize as a major conflict are is athe management of the organization. While the other conflict prone issue is lack of training and skills. The employees feel that the people put in charge of departments are not properly trained and thus lack the requisite skills to manage the departments. This thus results in incompetency of the employees to perform their tasks effectively.Effects of ConflictTable 4.3 Effects of ConflictEffects of conflictNo. of respondentsPercentagePoor murder2356%Lack of Motivation1127%37%410%Negative StereotypingDistorted Perceptions10Pie Chart 4.2 Effects of ConflictNo. of RespondentsPoor PerformanceLack of MotivationNegative StereotypingDistorted PerceptionsAnalysisFrom the above information, the main effect of conflict in organizations harmonise to the responses are, Poor performance, Lack of motivation, Distorted perceptions and Negative stereotyping in that order.DiscussionFrom the above responses, there is a clear pattern regarding the cause and effect relationships amogst nthe various factors at play. It is worth noting that the cardinal goal of any organization is the achievement of efficient operational performance and productivity within the standard operative hours. When an organization can not achieve the projected production levels within the set time lines, it is a cause to worry. An analysi s of the causes and effects gave us results as stated below.The main causes of conflict as stated above is the research were Poor remuneration, Poor management, Lack of training and skills and Incompetence amongst staff in that order. While the effects of conflicts in organizations are, Poor performance, Lack of motivation, Distorted perceptions and Negative stereotyping.11Chapter FiveSummary, Conclusions and Recommendations5.1 IntroductionWorkplace conflict is a major concern for most companies. It is inevitable in any situation where human beings operate. People have different values , beliefs and ways of life which they probably hold dear or believe to be the best as opposed to what other people have or believe in. Away has to be found to balance the various interests and come up the same with the organizational goals. Proper systems of managing conflicts enables organizations to achieve the best out of such conflicts as well as meet the objectives and goals of the organization. 5.2 SummaryIf managed poorly or avoided altogether, conflict can be extremely costly to an organization. If managed well, conflict presents an opportunity to uncover value and promote a healthy workplace. Many organizations arefinding that their conflict management systems have been good financial investments, producing a healthy return. In addition, they are recognizing the value of many less tangible benefits (e.g. improved morale, lower turnover, change magnitude efficiencies, and improved public relations). A rigorous four-phased process of(i) Assessment(ii) Design(iii) Implementation and,(iv) Operation and evaluation helps organization design effective conflict management systems to reap the maximum benefits of conflict management.The above four phased approach to conflict management, encourages the Conflict Management System (CMS) team to genuinely seek to understand and bear the needs and interests of all affected constituencies and create an environment in which benefits o f the CMS system can be effectively communicated, implemented and adminstered.5.3 ConclusionsProductivity losses add up quickly when workplace conflict is not pro-actively and successfully managed. Over a number of days, months and years, multiplied by the number of employees affected, the real money value baffled can be staggering. It is evident that there are tremendous advantages to pre-emptively deal with conflict in the workplace before it escalates beyond an organizations ability to resolve, or , worse , even contain it.A well designed CMS can have a significant positive impact on the quality of life if its employees, as well as its bottom line. Specifically, addressing the cost of conflict in the workplace can have a transformative impact on the overall health and well-being of an organization. 5.4 RecommendationsThe management of an organization needs to focus on the best methods of handling conflicts and their resolution. This may involve(I)Management TrainingThe training may have several components which may include(a) The introductory partThe training should highlight the various causes , effects and outcomes of conflict situations. This will help to lower the frequency of destructive conflicts and reduce the impacts on the organizational operations. Such training would afford the trainees the necessary greater sense of self-awareness in dealing effectively with all types of conflict situations. Implementing a well -thought out training program to address the harmful effects of conflict is like performing preventive medicine. 12the other components of the training would include(b) Conflict Awareness training Communication Training(d) Negotiation Training(e) Manager Awareness(f) Neutral third -party InterventionsB) Increasing Staff SalariesIn order to motivate employees, the management should consider raising the salaries of employees as away of motivating them to perform effectively.C) Improving the Management of the CompanyA deliberate effort and resources should be employed towards management development . The Management development should be tailored towards enhancing the managerial skills and interpersonal skills of management staff thus ensuring proper management of the organization. Again the management should be encouraged to adhere to the rules and regulations, procedures and laws governing industri al relations thus having good work relations with staff.D) Staff Participation and Team workingTo avoid negative stereotyping and disjointed communication, the management needs to focus on improving the participation of staff in decision making in the company besides ensuring that proper communication between employees themselves and between employees and management is cordial thus eliminating negative feeling and other forms of unwanted practices amongst staff, which may strain their working relationships.13ReferenceDubin Robert. Human Relations in Administration Fourth Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hal l, 1974.Hersey, Paul, and Kenneth H. Blanchard, Management of Organizational behaviour, Second Edition.Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1974.Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise (New York McGraw- Hill, 1960) Abraham Maslow, Eupsychian Management (Homewood, Illinois Richard D. Irwin, 1965), pp. 17-33 Harry Levinson, The Exceptional Executive A psychological Conception (Cambridge, Massachussets Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 204-7.Chris Argyris, Personality and Organization (New York Harper Torchbooks,1957), Chapters III andVII. Argyris, pp.232-37Argyris, p. 234Fredrick W. Hertzberg, The Wise Old Turk Harvard Business Review, September- October 1974, pp. 70-80.Joseph L. Massie and John Douglas, Managing A Contemporary Introduction (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1973), p.219.14AppendicesQuestionnaireForewardI am a student of Mount Kenya University, taking an undergrad degree programme in the field of Human Resources Management. As part of the requirement for the fulfilment of the course work, I am required to carry out a research study on the effects of Conflict in the workplace. I have chosen y ourorganization, as the most potential one because of its size, convenience and reputation for the purpose of the study. I have prepared comprehensive questions regarding the subject matter to enable me gather information andgain the much needed insight. The information given will be treated with utmost confidentiality and purely for the academic purpose. Kindly give the most appropriate responses by ticking one of the options providedNameDepartmentPosition / Rank1. What are the main causes of conflict within the organization? Poor ManagementPoor RemunerationLack of training and skillsIncompetence amongst staff2 . What effect does conflict have on employees productivity? Poor PerformanceLack of MotivationDistorted PerceptionsNegative Stereotyping3 . What is the most effective Conflict Management method?AvoidanceCollaborationOpen confrontationHiding feelings154 . What kind of conflict management strategies does your organization use in resolving conflict in the organization?AvoidanceCollaborationOpen confrontationHiding feelings5. What are some of the costs associated with conflict in your organization? Lost Man-hours due to conflictAbsentieesmLost business due to delays in executing jobsLabour inefficiency6 . Does the organization have conflict awareness training programme for its management? Yes.No.If the answer to the above question is yes, please give the dates and how many times in the young past7 . What kind of conflict awareness training does the organization offer to its management? CommunicationNegotiationNeutral Third party instruct16